Juvenile Corrections Essays - Penology, Prison, Workhouse

Juvenile Corrections Jeshondra Lucas CJ 564 Seminar in Corrections Mississippi Valley State University November 27, 2017 The historical development of the juvenile justice system dates back to the Roman Times. The Roman law gave parents the responsibility for punishing their child. Back in the Roman times, the child's age was the factor of if the juveniles were capable of being punished by their parents, or if they would be punished by the court with adult charges. At seven years of age, in the Roman law if that child had committed a crime. The child would be held accountable for their actions and no longer be under the punishment of their parents, but under the punishment of their king. In England in the 1500's shires and other people were to carry out what the king had wanted done. The Bridewell Workhouse was built in London in 1557, this workhouse was a place where inmates would go to provide cheap labor to please mercantile. Guards claimed that the work that the inmates were doing was therapeutic and rehabilitative. In the Middle Ages, children were seen as property. Male children were the head of all households and the patriarch handled his homes as he pleased. When parents broke the law, the children were forced to take care of themselves. A lot of them stole things to provide for the family, placing them in the same situation to face adult charges. During the 1600s in England, government began to consider the plight of the child (Clear, Reisig, Cole, 2016.) Children fell under the protection of the king or queen. The crown would act as the parens patriae which means the crown could act as a guardian of any child, especially one with rights to inherited property. In the United States Juvenile Justice has shifted to reflect social, intellectual, and political currents of crime. The Puritan Period takes place from 1646-1824. Americans stopped the practice of English laws in the 1800s. The Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law in 1646 was an early attempt to deal with problem children. The Puritans simply voiced the need for problem children to be disciplined by their parents and those who refused to obey their parents be dealt with by law. The Refuge Period was 1824-1899, children were urged to learn good work habits and study skills. More reform happened throughout the Juvenile Court Period of 1899-1960, The Juvenile Rights Period of 1960-1980, Crime Control Period of 1980-2005, and the Evidence Based Period of 2005 to present days. From 1930 through 1980, the incarceration rate was pretty stable in the United States (Clear, Reisig, Cole, 2016.) In today's society there has been tremendous growth leading to prison overcrowding. We cite prison overcrowding by five reasons since the crime rate does not match the incarceration rate. We credit the increase of prisoners to increased arrests and more likely incarceration, tougher sentencing, prison construction, the war on drugs, and state and local politics. There are nearly 19 state prison systems that operate above capacity. Prison overcrowding may violate constitutional standards, decrease access to some much needed programs and services, create major administrative problems, and increase prison violence. The Null Strategy, Construction Strategy, Intermediate Sanctions and Prison Population Reduction are four ways the states try to combat prison crowding. A lot of sentences are due to the race and ethnicity of the person committing the crime. Disparity is of ten used to target certain groups. References: Clear, T. R., Reisig, M. D., Cole, G. F. (2016). American Corrections (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Understanding the Eval () PHP Language Construct

Understanding the Eval () PHP Language Construct The PHP eval () construct is used to evaluate an input string as PHP and then process it as such. Eval() is not a function, but it works like one in the sense that it outputs everything- except instead of outputting it as text, it outputs it as PHP code to be executed. One use of the eval() construct is to store code in a database to execute later. Example of Eval() LanguageConstruct Here is a simple example of coding for the eval() language construct. ; eval(\$a \$a\;); print $a . ; ? This code example outputs My friends are $name and $name2 when first called with the print statement, and it outputs  My friends are Joe and Jim when called the second time after running eval (). Requirements and Characteristics of Eval() The passed code cant be wrapped in opening and closing PHP tags.The passed code must be valid PHP.All statements must be terminated with a semicolon.A return statement terminates the code evaluation.Any variable defined or changed in eval() remains after it terminates.What a fatal error occurs in the evaluated code, the script exits.Because eval() is a language construct and not a function, it cant be used in higher-order functions. The Danger of Using Eval() The PHP manual discourages the use of the eval() construct, stressing its use is very dangerous because arbitrary PHP code can be executed. Users are instructed to use any other option than eval() unless that is not possible. The use of PHP eval() construct presents security risks.

Mobile Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mobile Computing - Research Paper Example Further, the mobile banking security risks also cause distortion of the financial information and transactions of the victim. Ultimately, the whole system of mobile banking is compromised. This escalates the number of fraud cases with every attempt at conveniently performing business transactions via the mobile phones. Most financial institutions, including the best in the world, can attest to the insecurity of mobile banking (Odoke, 2011). The technology behind the personal data assistants, iPads and e-Readers demystify the need for newspapers, paper books, music CDs and gameDVDs. This is due to various valid reasons. First, the advanced gadgets offer faster solutions for the thirst of information than the original books and newspapers. Further, information that the gadgets give people access to is from different sources. This makes them a better option for comparison of information from different sources than the traditional newspapers and books. People get timely updates from their gadgets instead of waiting for publishing of newspapers and paper books (Guardian on Kindle). The combined efforts of these advantages of the new technology gadgets drive the public from acquiring the traditional newspapers and paper books. This changes the reading culture of people and decreases the amount of revenue from the sale of books, newspapers and other traditional devices. The public chooses to move to a cheaper way of acquiring information and entertainment; a more convenient means that suits almost everyone’s lifestyle (Curwen & Whalley,

School Vouchers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

School Vouchers - Essay Example Due to the multifaceted effect of the said system it is important to consider the advantages of the system over the disadvantages (Walberg, and Wang 2-15). When it comes to the study of the issues regarding the voucher system for schools, there are the two sides. The side that affirm the importance of the used of the school vouchers and the side that questions the feasibility of the propositions and policies are vital to the study of the school voucher system (Kupermintz 2). The main objective of the study if to present the importance of the application of school voucher system. To be able to determine the importance of school voucher system, views on the different aspects are required. Based on the study of the different issues related to the system, there are different points that can be given attention. These points include the educational aspect itself, social aspect, and political aspect. It is important to give attention to these issues to be able to realize the vitality of the voucher system. The primary evidence of the importance and applicability of the school voucher is in relation to the a... Although there are different contradictions and criticism regarding the issue, it is important to consider that the main objective is to be able to provide access to education. The subsequent evidence in support of the school voucher system is the aim of the proponents of the establishment of the system to target the improvement in terms of educating the population. Generally the view of the group that opposes the system is the fact that optimization of the resources if not guaranteed and that the possible loss in terms of fund can be put to the improvement of the public schools which are considered to require more form the government to be able to improve. This can be considered to be affected by the school vouchers due to the fact that in most cases these privileges are also from the government and government officials. Although there is an important point being presented by the groups that question the feasibility of the school vouchers it is important to consider the different advantages that are related to the system. It can be considered as an optimistic action to be able to alleviate a larger portion of the population from illiteracy. It can be considered as a bold action to be able to pursue the advocacy for school voucher due to the fact that it is opt to be questioned by different groups. The advocacy for the continuance of the school voucher system is important for the people who have the capability to avail the requirements and the privileges of the provision system due to the fact that the people being helped can make the difference. When it comes to the different aspects that can be discerned by the groups and institutions in the society that are against the continuation of the provision of school

Hispanic American Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hispanic American Diversity - Research Paper Example The end result is that the inhabitants of the country, whether legalized citizens or otherwise can now be classified into several distinct groups such as Whites, Hispanics, African Americans, and Asians. Hispanics now constitute the second largest classifiable ethnic group in the United States after Whites. This paper reviews the second largest ethnic group in the country, namely the Hispanics, or the Latinos as they are often commonly referred to. The Hispanics are primarily Spanish speaking immigrants from the regions south of the United States, and include immigrants from countries such as Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. They have a lot in common even though many factors prevent a uniform classification. The clichà © ‘unity in diversity’ may not hold good here because the political, social, economic, religious, and family factors within each of these immigrants vary. Hence, this paper will also study the diversity and commonality among Hispanic groups with focus on the above mentioned factors. Every immigrant population will have a history or reason for migration to another land. In this case, history has played a diverse and decisive role in each of the above group’s large scale presence in United States’ soil. Some of them had moved because of political unrest while others have moved to exploit the better economic and social conditions that prevailed in the United States. Of the four major ethnic groups in the USA, only Mexico shares a geographical border which is nearly 2.000 miles long. Patrolling the border is a problem especially due to movement of illegal immigrants from Mexico. Schaefer (2006) in his book ‘Racial and Ethnic Groups’ records that â€Å"in the war-ending Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed February 2, 1848, Mexico acknowledged the annexation of Texas by the United States and ceded California and most of Arizona and New Mexico to the United States for $15 million† (258). This resulted

Adaptation of the Fennec Fox to the Desert

Adaptation of the Fennec Fox to the Desert How the fennec fox (Vulpes zedra) has adapted to the desert environment The fennec fox is the smallest member of the Vulpes genus (formally in the Fennecus genus) only weighing 2.2 – 3.3 lbs. It is highly distinguishable by its huge ears measuring 6 inches, and a body length of up to 16 inches. It is a nocturnal animal that stays in its burrow and rests for the hottest parts of the day (The Nature of Wildworks, 2014.). It is a highly social animal and lives in family groups of up to 10 individuals (Fox, 1975). Formerly in the fennecus genus, it was later re-classified into the Vulpes genus which is the main taxonomic group of all foxes. Its geographical range is the north Sahara and Arabian deserts. The fox is under decline due to being hunted for the fur and pet trade which has had significant impacts on the wild species (The Nature of Wildworks, 2014.) The fennec fox has many adaptions to living in a desert environment. These can be broken down into 3 categories; Morphological, Physiological and Behavioural. Morphological Morphological adaptions are changes in the animal’s structure that helps it adapt to the extreme conditions of the Saharan dessert. One of the most significant morphological adaptations that the fennec possesses is its large ears. The ears are used to dissipate heat and maintain the optimum body temperature of the animal (Wathen, et al., 1971). The ear needs to be large to have a large surface area for heat dissipation. The statement that these actually cool the animal is not entirely true, they do not cool the animal and lower its body temperature, but instead maintain the optimum body temperature. In a study on jack rabbits, the ears were found to dissipate nearly 100% of all metabolic heat at air temperatures of only 30Â °C (Wathen, et al., 1971). This is only possible if the temperature of the fox is above the environmental temperature. The ears also play a critical role in nocturnal hunting (Wathen, et al., 1971). The large pinnae of the ear help direct low level sound i nto the ear which gives the fennec acute hearing allowing directional hearing (Ewer, 1973). This is a key adaption for hunting at night due to the low light levels, thus giving the fennec the ability to hunt effectively at night using sound as well as excellent night vision. The feet of the fennec are adapted to walking on the hot sand by having hairs covering their fleshy foot pads (Ewer, 1973). This prevents the foot from actually touching the scolding sand and will prevent injury when the fox is digging its burrow and walking across the hot dessert floor. The front paws are specially designed for digging burrows which the fennecs live and breeds in (Ewer, 1973). The fur of the fennec like most dessert animals is vital to coping with desert life. Not only does this insulate the animal, but studies have shown that the light fur of the animal can also reflect the solar radiation, therefore lessening the impact and reducing the heat load on the animal (Dawson Brown, 1970). This is most true in the fennec fox due to its sandy coloured or sometimes white fur. Meanwhile the thickness of the fur is a protection from the solar radiation of the skin. By creating this barrier, the fur prevents any damage to the skin from direct solar radiation. This is because the fur, as said before, partially reflects the solar radiation while the thicker deeper fur absorbs the heat (Dawson Brown, 1970). The heat absorption also helps the fox survive the freezing dessert nights while it feeds, by preventing the fennecs core body temperature from dropping too low. Physiological Physiological adaptions are changes in the animal’s system processes to enable them to adapt to changes in the environment. These changes enable the fennec to adapt to the extreme environment of the North African deserts. Carnivores, just as the fennec, are found in a number of deserts around the world. A major challenge that these organisms face is the replenishment of water. The fennec gains its water requirements solely from having mostly a carnivorous diet. The fennec, by eating alone, can maintain its water balance for over 100 days without having to drink (Vaughn, et al., 2000). This is done by the fennec having very concentrated urine that uses the least amount of water possible to function. This conserves a vast amount of water and coupled with its very low evaporate loss. Therefore it rivals small desert rodents in its water conservation (Vaughn, et al., 2000). This relates to selective predation and an ability to feed on a wide variety of food stuffs, while being abl e to become more economical with its metabolic water. The adaption of having a low basal metabolic rate is crucial to survival in dessert conditions. The fennec is no exception to this; it has one of the lowest BMRs of all Vulpes species of 60.7 percent (Golightly Ohmart, 1983). This means at rest the fox only uses the minimal amount of water needed to survive. This adaption allows a minimalized endogenous heat load which conserves metabolic water. This saving of water becomes critical in the desert due to the low precipitation levels and therefore having the adaptation of a low BMR helps maintain any dietary water acquired and conserves it. Behavioural Behavioural adaptations are changes in the animals conduct help it survive in a certain environment. Previously, little was known about the fennec foxes diet. It was previously thought that they were primarily insectivores and had barely any variety in their diet. However, a new study has shown that they are actually opportunistic feeders with food items being mostly insects, but it also feeds on small mammals and even plant material (Brahmi, et al., 2012). The study also shows that locality and abundance of food can also change the feeding behaviour of the fennec. This adaption is critical to the survival of any dessert animals. The ability to feed on many different food sources opens up many more niches and availability for the animal to survive and feed (Brahmi, et al., 2012). Panting is an adaption that requires short shallow respiration and is solely used in heat dissipation. Panting makes use of evaporative cooling of the mouth, lung and nasal mucosa. This is a very effective way of cooling down without having to sweat. This main advantage over sweating is that in sweating there is salt loss, while in panting there is not (Vaughn, et al., 2000). This is key to the survival of the fennec because of the shortage of food; therefore the fennec cannot regain the salt quicker than the animal uses up. If the fennec sweated this could become a huge problem, so it has overcome this problem by making use of the more efficient panting for heat dissipation (Vaughn, et al., 2000). Fennec fox families live and thrive in burrows; these help counteract the daily effects of high temperature and low humidity of the desert days. They provide shelter from sun exposure and the highest temperatures of the dessert day. A study in tortoises shows that burrows provide a great place to refuge in a desert environment. The study showed that the burrow at 10:00 -12:00 hrs had much higher humidity and lower temperature than the external environment (Bulova, 2002). This lowers the total evaporate water loss which helps the animal, in this case the fennec, conserve metabolic water, which is key to desert survival. Fennecs therefore make use of the much more stable and milder environment inside the burrow. This helps shelter the fennec from extreme conditions and helps conserve water. This is due to the soil temperature maintaining stability no matter what the conditions are outside. The burrow controls the internal environment due to the thermal insulating properties of the soil (Reichman Smith, 1990). Therefore the burrow is cooler during the day and warmer during the freezing desert nights. Conclusion To conclude there are many adaptations the fennec has; may that be morphological, physiological and behavioural. The adaptations are a necessity to survive in such an extreme climate, such as the dessert; with high heat loads during the day, freezing temperatures in the night, food and water sources are scarce. The adaptions that the fennec utilises all boil down to protection from the incredible temperature change in the dessert, by having large ears to dissipate heat and fur that can reflect but also absorb the heat. This gives protection from solar radiation during the day, and insulation during the night. The other main reason for having many complex adaptations is to conserve water. The fennec’s metabolic water level is maintained by having a low BMR which uses less water in metabolic activity at rest, and also the concentrated urine which reduces the loss of water via waste. In my mind the fennec fox is perfectly adapted to cope with the extremes of desert life, by contr olling its water conservation and body temperature. Word count: 1,508 References: Brahmi, K. et al., 2012. First quantitative data on the diet of the fennec fox, Vulpes zerda (Canidae, Carnivora), in Algeria. Folia Zoologica, 61(1), pp. 61-70. Bulova, j., 2002. How temperature, humidity, and burrow selection affect evaporative water loss in desert tortoises. Journal Of Thermal Biology, 27(3), pp. 175-189. Dawson, T. Brown, G., 1970. Comparison Of The Insulative AndReflective Properties Of The Fur of Desert Kangaroos. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Volume 37, pp. 23-28. Ewer, R., 1973. The Carnivores. 1st ed. s.l.:weidenfeld and nicolson. Fox, M., 1975. The Wild Canids Their Systematics, Behavioural Ecology and Evolution. 1st ed. s.l.:Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. Golightly, R. Ohmart, R., 1983. Metabolism and body temperature of two desert canids: cototes and kit foxes. Journal of Mammalogy, 64(4), pp. 624-635. The Nature of Wildworks. 2014. The Nature of Wildworks. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.natureofwildworks.org/species.html#ffox. [Accessed 12 February 2014]. Reichman, O. Smith, S., 1990. Burrows And Burrowing Behavior By Mammals. Current Mammalogy, pp. 197-224. Vaughn, t., Ryan, J. Czaplewski, N., 2000. Mammology. 4th ed. s.l.:Saunders college publishing. Wathen, P., Mitchell, J. Porter, W., 1971. Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Energy Exchange from Jackrabbit Ears and Cylindrically Shaped Appendages. Biophysical Journal, 11(12), pp. 1030-1047. Harvard – Anglia 2008

Outline of Marriage in the Victorian Era Essay -- Victorian Era

Outline of Marriage in the Victorian Era In the Victorian era, marriage was not as romanticized or fairytale-like as depicted in many novels of the time. On the contrary, love actually played a very minor role in the majority of matrimonies that took place. An engagement was entered into as one would approach a business deal, and there were some generally accepted rules and guidelines to follow. The Rules * It was illegal to marry your deceased wife’s sister. You could marry first cousins, but attitudes changed towards the end of the 19th century, and this became frowned upon. * Victorians were encouraged to marry within the same class (remember the views on social mobility!). They could marry up, but to marry down meant marrying beneath yourself (Soames). * A woman entering into the institute of marriage had to be equipped with a dowry. The husband-to-be had to prove that he could support his new bride in the lifestyle she was accustomed to. * An unmarried woman could inherit money and property after she reached the age of 21, but once married, all control would revert to her husband. A woman could not have a will for her own personal possessions; since the control was in her husband’s power, he could distribute her property in any way he likes, even to his illegitimate children (if he has any). * Women married because they had a lack of options; they were not formerly educated, and were only instructed in domestic duties. They needed someone to support them, and were encouraged to marry and have children ("The Rules of Marriage"). The Courtship * Marriage was a carefully contemplated subject for a woman; since she would lose control over any possessions once married, it was not somethin... ...and helped to strengthen the family line, divorce was neither economically or socially practical. It would guarantee the family losing some of its strength and influence by giving up property and wealth. Works Cited â€Å"Marriage and Divorce in Victorian England.† Charlotte's Web: A Hypertext on Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre. . "The Rules of Marriage in the Victorian Era.† . Soames, Enoch. â€Å"Marriage in the Victorian Era.† The Charlock’s Shade. 18 February 2004. Wells, Richard A. â€Å"Manners Culture and Dress of the Best American Society.† King, Richardson, & Co. Publishers. Springfield, MA. 1893. .

Dementia Care Pathway-People with Learning Disability Essay

The Psychiatrist is responsible for making the decision with regards to diagnosis; they will be reliant on the information and assessments of other professionals to assist in this process. The Psychiatrist will then decide on the most appropriate treatment for treating. The key role of the community nurse is to maximise the health and wellbeing of an individual. Looking at the individual from a holistic perspective the nurse will promote good health with proactive strategies, minimise health risks through assessment and care planning. The primary goal of Occupational Therapy is to enable people to participate in the activities of everyday life. Occupational Therapists engage with clients using activities that are meaningful and purposeful to them to assess and treat the physical, psychological and social needs of the individual and their environment to enable them to reach or retain their optimum potential. OTs use a range of different assessment methods, looking at functional and cognitive skills, for activities of daily living, activity levels sensory needs and well-being. Physiotherapists are responsible for promoting mobility to the optimum level for as long as possible and then for assessing and providing additional support and mobility aids when necessary. Speech and Language Therapists working with individuals with learning disabilities who have developed dementia cover two main areas: Communication: The Speech and Language Therapist’s role is to assess the communication needs of the individual with dementia, identify means for supporting these, and advising carers and support workers regarding improved, or successful communication. Eating and Drinking: The role of the speech and language therapist is, in liaison with others, to assess the individual and advise regarding strategies to improve safety of eating, drinking and swallowing or to suggest strategies to support the maintenance of adequate oral intake. Clinical Psychologists can be involved in diagnosing dementia, often when the person’s difficulties are complex and the diagnosis unclear. Once a diagnosis has been made psychologists would intervene where there are problems such as challenging behaviour, depression and anxiety, or where there are issues to do with loss, illness and disability.

Hunt the US Treasury for Your Lost Money

Hunt the US Treasury for Your Lost Money Unfortunately, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Treasury Hunt website for finding and claiming lost U.S. Savings Bonds is no longer available. Instead, persons wishing to claim and recover lost, stolen, or destroyed bonds should submit Fiscal Service Form 1048, Claim for Lost, Stolen, or Destroyed United States Savings Bonds. Form 1048, along with instructions are available at https://www.treasurydirect.gov/forms/sav1048.pdf Filing a Claim for Lost Savings Bonds When filing the Fiscal Service Form 1048, Claim for Lost, Stolen, or Destroyed United States Savings Bonds, the Treasury Department offers the following advice: The serial numbers of all bonds should be listed if available. If a bond’s serial number is unavailable, the following information for each bond being claimed must be provided on the Fiscal Service Form 1048, regardless of the type of ownership for the bond: The month and year the bond was purchased.The bond owner’s first and last name as it appeared on the original bond (plus the owner’s middle name or initial, if it was on the original bond.)The original owner’s street address, city, and state.The bond owner’s Social Security Number (Taxpayer Identification Number) as it appeared on the original bond. To avoid processing delays, the Treasury Department advises that each required Fiscal Service Form 1048, along with any additional documents, should be completed fully and correctly, signed, and certified according to the instructions provided on the form. Options for Successfully Claimed Savings Bonds Once the existence and legal ownership of lost, stolen, or destroyed bonds has been verified by filing the required Fiscal Service Form 1048, owners of the bonds have the following options: For Series EE and I Bonds Cash them.Replace them with a bond in electronic form. For Series HH Bonds Cash themReplace them with paper bonds. For Series E and H Bonds Cash them. More about U.S. Savings Bonds Holders of Series H or HH savings bonds, which pay interest currently, should also check the Treasury Hunt web site to look for interest payments returned to the U.S. Bureau of the Public Debt as undeliverable. The most common cause for a payment to be returned is when a customer changes bank accounts or address and fails to provide new delivery instructions.Series E bonds sold from May of 1941 through November of 1965 earn interest for 40 years. Bonds sold since December of 1965 earn interest for 30 years. So, bonds issued in February of 1961 and earlier have stopped earning interest as have bonds issued between December of 1965 and February of 1971. Savings bonds become undeliverable and are sent to the  U.S. Bureau of the Public Debt  only after financial institution issuing agents or the  Federal Reserve  make several attempts at delivering the bonds to investors. Bonds returned as undeliverable are a tiny fraction of the 45 million bonds sold each year.The Bureau of the Public Debt has a number of employees assigned to a special locator group that finds owners of undeliverable payments and bonds. Each year they locate and deliver several millions of dollars in returned interest payments and thousands of previously undeliverable bonds to their owners. Treasury Hunt adds to the effectiveness, not to mention the fun, of this effort by making it easy for the public to check and see if theyve got a bond or interest payment waiting for them.

The eNotes Blog Shakespeare on Love A Love for ModernTimes

Shakespeare on Love A Love for ModernTimes For one often hailed as the  Bard of love stories, Shakespeare sure has a weird way of showing/telling it. Even his most famous tale of romance,  Romeo and Juliet,  is a littleoffin the love department, at least for  modern times. Romeo and Juliet isnt the only Shakespeare  work  that  is  little bit strange;  in fact a pretty large  number of his works depict love  in ways that are off-putting. Even the most dedicated Shakespeare fan has to acknowledge that the fairy shenanigans in  A Midsummer Nights Dream and the sheer wickedness of Petruchio in  The Taming of the Shrew are a little less than appealing to one who loves love. One could make the claim that Shakespeare distorts his love stories as a way of connecting with the audience by  saying that love is a little crazy and so stories about it ought to be a little crazy. Another school of thought is a little more depressing, but historically viable- back in the 16th/17th centuries a lot of marrying was happening due to financial security and familial alliances, and less due to actual feelings of affection for one another. Its cynical to say that maybe Shakespeare wrote about love in the way that he did because he genuinely didnt understand it in a lasting sense (no, unfortunately the movie Shakespeare in Love is not based on a true story, much as we would all love to believe in Will and Violas love affair). Whatever the reasons for distortion may be, here are a few of Shakespeares more celebrated love stories and what may be considered a little unusual about them.  Feel free of course to draw whatever conclusion about them that makes sense to you. 1. A Midsummer Nights Dream This story is a bit of a rollercoaster from start to finish, opening with the mismatched loves of Demetrius, who loves Hermia, who loves Lysander- and dont forget Helenashes in love with Demetrius. Then, in a side story, there are Oberon and Titania, king and queen of the fairies. Oberon decides to use magically induced love as a way of exploiting his wife into sacrificing her pageboy to be his slave. In his madness to make Titania love a random woodland creature, Oberon sends his ward, Puck, to put the magic petals on his wifes eyelids. He  also tells him to enchant Demetrius into falling in love with Helena so that she may be happy and Hermia can be free to be with Lysander. Already were looking at some pretty warped views on love; first of all, the only characters in a healthy relationship (from what it sounds like) are Hermia and Lysander- and theyre the two that arent allowed to be together. Demetrius is hung up on a woman whos just not that into him, Helena is hung up on a man whos just not that into her, and Oberon and Titania clearly have issues with communication. After a whole lot of hullabaloo, including Titanias brief romance with a man/donkey, Oberon removes the love charms from everyone except Demetrius. So what are we left with? A happy Hermia and Lysander (yay!), a happy Helena with her hoodwinked Demetrius, and a probably still unhappy marriage of the fairy monarchs. I guess we have to hope that Demetrius never snaps out of it and that Helena can be happy with a man who doesnt actually love her, but instead is forced to think that he does. See, that just sounds sad. 2. Romeo and Juliet This story, though revered and quoted by many a scholar, is really quite bizarre. Its a classic tale of love, and it is truly heart-wrenching, but it gets weird real fast when you consider that: a) the whole thing goes down in about 48 hours, and b) these lovers are between the ages of 13 and 16(!). Today people experience love at that age with  butterflies and terror induced by  smiling at one another over peanut-butter sandwiches. Two people, hardly  more than kids, fall in love before knowing a thing about one another (how do  you like your mutton, Romeo?), get married in secret, and die for one another in an old tomb, surrounded by Juliets dead relatives. Whats that all about? The dying for one another after a two-day whirlwind romance? The story in general, though, is quite beautiful; if you take away all of the specifics about Romeo and Juliet as characters and ignore the haste with which they move from meeting  to death, there is some powerful  emotion that does suggest  what true love is all about. Loving one another in spite of the feud between their families and defying the odds to be with one another is genuine, sad, and wonderful all at once. But Shakespeare makes it weird (for us in 2016 at least) when he puts kids in these very adult situations. Its true, people married young back in the day, but usually when they married  this young, it was an arrangement over money or a dowry cow, or something- not because the two would risk their lives to be together. 3. The Taming of the Shrew So heres a really weird one. Anyone familiar with the popular (and excellent) 90s movie 10 Things I Hate About You will already know the basic story- the beautiful and desirable Bianca cant date/marry (depending on which text) until her nasty older sister, Katherina, does. In response, a foolish but wealthy suitor (Josh/Hortencio) pays a resident jerk (perceived or genuinely jerky also depending on text) to marry  Katherina so Bianca will be free to do the same. While all this is going on, the not-so-wealthy other man (Cameron/Luciento) dates/marries Bianca in secret. In the film adaptation, Petruchio is actually a hidden sweetheart. You find this out along with Kat, and everyone may or may not live happily ever after. But in Shakespeares version, Petruchio really sucks. He tricks Katherina into thinking hes this good guy who understands why shes so bitter and awful and loves her in spite of all that. As it turns out, Katherina actually starts even being kind of nice! But all of that falls apart after the two of them marry because once the papers are signed and sealed, Petruchio starts on a rampage of what wed now call emotional abuse, belittling, and undermining the poor woman until shes brainwashed and sick with enough Stockholm Syndrome to act as a proper housewife. And if that isnt enough, at the very end, all of Petruchios buddies basically clap him on the back like, good job buddy, you tamed that shrew. Right. Alternatively, Bianca marries the love of her life and is quite happyso, good for her. 4. The Winters Tale In yet another case of confusion and miscommunication (with a healthy dollop of jealousy-based insecurity) we have the marriage of Hermione and King Leontes. Everything starts out pretty jovial with an enormous dinner party hosted by Leontes and his childhood friend Polixenes (a king of another land). Where we go wrong is when Hermione agrees with her husband that Polixenes should stay a few more days. You may wonder how this is a bad thing- after all, Hermione is agreeing with her husband and trying to help him out. It seems that Leontes is an insecure man. He, seemingly  out of nowhere, becomes  convinced that Hermione and Polixenes are having an affair (pro tip: theyre really not). Leontes demands Hermione be sent to bed and tells his confidant to poison Polixenes. The confidant decides instead to warn Polixenes, and the two flee Sicilia. Again, Leontes misinterprets this one to mean that Hermione must have warned her lover to spare his life (she wasnt even there when you gave the order, Leontes). But, not one for the facts or minute evidence, Leontes has his wife locked away and declares that her unborn child must have been conceived in infidelity. When the poor little girl is born, instead of falling in love with what must have been a cute n smushy baby face, he orders the little thing be abandoned and left for dead somewhere far away. This guy is the worst. The Oracle of Delphi is called upon to give her two cents on all of this, and she says that for sacrificing so much of his family Leontes will be doomed to no heirs until his freshly abandoned daughter is found. Shortly after, a messenger reveals that the son of Leontes and Hermione, Mamillius, is dead. Shortly after that (and Hermiones resulting faint) it is reported to the King that his wife is dead too. NOW he feels pretty bad. Obviously, theres a lot more to this story, but most of it has little to do with our all-stars from Act One and  is less eventful than Leontes and his inadvertent killing spree. Of course, Shakespeare had a lot  of sonnets and poems with absolutely gorgeous depictions of love, so its hard to make the claim that Shakespeare had never experienced it himself. Maybe he just liked making stories that were a little twisted. Its really all up for your interpretation where the Bards inspiration came from, but its interesting to think that one of our most influential writers made love even scarier and more messed up than it already is. Love is weird.

Organization and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization and Leadership - Essay Example The hospital facility in which I work promotes transformational leadership approach to manage the nursing staff effectively and thereby establishes a patient-centered care. According to Harrison, â€Å"transformational leadership is defined as leadership behaviors that inspire followers, resulting in both leader and follower raising each other up to higher level of morality, motivation, and performance based on four categories of leader behavior, including idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and inspirational motivation† (Harrison, 2011, p.98). Transformational leaders are expected to identify the needed change, create a vision plan to achieve the change through inspiration, and execute the change with the support of committed members of the group. Referring to Edwards, Knight, Broome and Flynn (2010), the four crucial components of transformational leadership include idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation. Idealized influence means the leader serves as an ideal role model for his/her followers whereas the component of inspirational motivation implies that transformational leaders have the potential to inspire and motivate others. The concept of individualized consideration reflects that this type of leaders express genuine commitment to considering the needs and feelings of the followers. Finally, intellectual stimulation means transformational leaders encourage the staff to be creative and innovative (Edwards et al). In this hospital facility, the nursing leaders rely on the transformational leadership approach to enhance the motivation, morale, and job performance of the nursing staff through a variety of mechanisms such as aligning the staff’s sense of identify with the collective identity of the organization; being a

Monitoring Synaptic Function at the Neuromuscular Junction of a Essay

Monitoring Synaptic Function at the Neuromuscular Junction of a MouseExpressing SynaptopHluorin - Essay Example 5422). Selection of the neuromuscular junction of a mouse however came with a number of challenges for the researchers and this generally affected the tone of the research as the researchers were forced to â€Å"created a transgenic mouse (Bozza et al., 2004; Li et al., 2005; Wyatt and Balice-Gordon, 2005, 2006) that expresses spH at the NMJ† (Lucia et al., 2007, p. 5422). The researchers therefore based their work on the characterization of a number of hidden and unexpected properties of the phenotype of the synapse. Techniques used Four major techniques for data collection into the proof of the hypothesis set were used. These were vector construction, acute experimental conditions, generation transgenic of mouse and image analysis. Each of these techniques was used at different levels and for different purposes. This means that the techniques were not used simultaneously. With the vector constructions for instance, the transgenic vector known to be pThy1-SynaptopHluorin was obtained. The researchers used a method that had earlier been used by Ng et al., (2002), which subcloned a 1 kb EcoRI-SmaI fragment from pCiNeo-VAMP-superecliptic. This technique and the generation transgenic of mouse that followed it were important because it set the pace for the researchers to have an ideal clone that would perfectly fit the place of the transgenic mouse they created in terms of characteristics. Under the acute experimental conditions, the researchers made an attempt towards the actual goal by getting to the nerve-muscle of the mouse whereby they dissected the levator auris nerve–muscle (Lucas et al., 2007, p. 5424). The dissection was done based on the work of Katz et al., (1996). This particular technique was highly necessary in setting the pace for stimulus trains, which were delivered at 100 Hz. This was the work that had been previously done in conjunction with Bernard Katz. Through the work, they argued that ions became neutrally charged when combined with a lipid soluble carrier. This paradigm also predicted that any current that is incoming, has to be preceded by a flow of lipid carriers, which have to be outgoing. They therefore concluded that the justification of this is that the ions were being attracted through a charge-biased selective pathway, which, to overcome the membrane potential, had to perform work (Lucia et al. 5422). Data-base review of key findings The data collected from the experiment gave very new but equally important information on the neuromuscular junction of the mouse. This new information had to do with the fact that there is large size of the nerve terminals of the mouse that generally makes it possible to undertake spatial properties of exocytosis. A number of existing researches and findings were also confirmed in this research by Lucas et al (2007). For instance studies by Hodgkin-Huxley, which had earlier been conducted on the neurology of membrane current is largely confirms in the current resear ch. Scientifically, the Hodgkin-Huxley studies have been instrumental for the prediction of biological mechanisms, which would otherwise not have been detectable by the use of the contemporary techniques. Their original studies have triggered further research, as well as the development of simplified models of reaction diffusion. The studies by Hodgkin and Huxley awarded them a Nobel Prize in physiology in 1963. The study had both dependent and